International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ISSN: 2736-1594 Vol. 10 (2), pp. 001-004, February, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Prevalence of infection with Nisseria Gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia Trachomatis in women visitors of gynecology and obstetrics clinics in Zanjan Province of Iran

Baghchesaraei Hamid¹, Amini Braham¹* and Hossaini Mohtaram²

¹Medical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Skahrak Karmandan, Zanjan, Iran.

²Emam Hossain Hospital, Zanjan, Iran.

Accepted 19 August, 2021

Abstract

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) are two of the major causes of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in many countries. There is little information about the prevalence of STIs in Zanjan Province of Iran. This study determines the prevalence of CT and NG cervical infection in women visitors of gynecology and obstetrics clinics in Zanjan. In this descriptive study, three hundred and twenty eight vaginal samples were collected from women referred to gynecology and obstetrics clinics in Zanjan, Iran from 1 to 29 April, 2009. NG was diagnosed by direct Gram staining and inoculation on modified Thayer Martin (MTM) agar with final identification, using commercial API NH kit and CT. This was done measuring serum IgM antibodies to C. trachomatis by commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Prevalence of recent chlamydia and gonorrhea cervical infections at enrollment was 10.3 and 0.9%, respectively. Among sexual risk behaviors, only education was significantly associated with incident of CT. Variables not associated with the risk of CT cervical infection included age, method of contraception and number of sexual partners. These findings emphasize conduction of comprehensive and scheduled program of prevalence survey, aimed at reducing prevalence rate of STIs in the entire Zanjan.

Key word: Neisseria gonorrhoea, Chlamydia trachomatis, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), prevalence.

International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ISSN: 2736-1594 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in symptomatic women by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) immunofluorescence and Giemsa stain

Mona Mohammadzadeh¹, Noor Amirmozafari², Nasrin Shayanfar³, Reza Ranjbar⁴ and Mohammad Rahbar^5,6*

¹Department of Microbiology, Branch of Karaj Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.

²Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.

³Department of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.

⁴Research Center of Molecular Biology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

⁵Department of Microbiology, Iranian Reference Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Medical Education Tehran, Iran.

⁶Antimicrobial Resistance Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Accepted 09 September, 2021

Abstract

Chlamydia trachomatis is a ubiquitous human pathogen that is responsible for the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide. Studies show that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is more sensitive than cellular culture for detection of C. trachomatis infections. The aim of this study is to compare different laboratory methods, including Giemsa staining, direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) and PCR for detection of C. trachomatis in women with urethral symptoms. In this study, 130 women with urethral symptoms admitted in the gynecology clinic, were used and specimens were obtained with endocervical swab for Giemsa staining, DFA and PCR. All the cases underwent these three techniques. Demographic data and the medical history of patients were obtained by direct interview; however, the mean age of cases was 33.8±9.06. Clinical symptoms included abnormal vaginal discharge in 101 cases (77.7%), spotting in 14 cases (10.8%), dysmenorrheal in 7 cases (5.4%), irritation in 6 cases (4.6%) and dysuria in 2 cases (1.5%). In DFA technique, 5 cases (3.8%) were positive and 3 (2.3%) were suspicious, while in the PCR technique, 6 cases (4.6%) were positive for C. trachomatis. However, 3 suspicious cases with DFA were negative in PCR. There was no positive case for C. trachomatis in Giemsa staining. In conclusion, C. trachomatis was not frequent in this study and it can be concluded that this infection was not a major hygienic problem in the same populations that were previously studied. Consequently, the causes that necessitate monogamy could be related to religious causes. Frequency of Chlamydia detection of DFA and PCR was same in the two groups. Nonetheless, Giemsa staining is not a reliable method for evaluating C. trachomatis.

Key words: Chlamydia trachomatis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA).

International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ISSN: 2736-1594 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Value of direct antigen detection methods in diagnosing women with suspected genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection

Salah Abd El-Fatah Agha¹, Noha El-Mashad¹*, Shirien Amin Rakha¹ and Abd El Gawwad El Metwally²

¹Clinical Pathology - Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.

²Department of Obestetric and Gyneocology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University. Egypt

Accepted 21 October, 2021

Abstract

Establishing a method that would allow the quick and cost- effective diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is of highest interest. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of direct antigen detection methods [direct fluorescent antigen detection (DFA), Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)] in comparison to culture method, to establish the most reliable and easy technique for diagnosing of C. trachomatis in females with suspected infection. Seventy patients were selected from females attending Outpatient Gynecology Clinic, Mansoura University Hospital, who were consulting for symptoms suggestive of genital infection. Two cervical swabs were taken from each patient and examined for C. trachomatis by direct detection methods. McCoy cell culture detected by immunofluorescence was positive in 16 cases (gold standard) . Direct fluorescent antigen detection (DFA), ELISA and PCR were compared to McCoy cell culture in terms of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values. Sensitivity of DFA was lower than its specificity. Antigen detection by ELISA was positive in 28 (40%) cases. NPV (83.33%) and PPV (32.14%). Sensitivity of PCR compared to culture was 81.25% and specificity was 90.74%. In conclusion, McCoy cell culture assay is the most reliable test but tedious. Combination of PCR and DFA tests could optimize diagnosis of female genital C. trachomatis infection. Reevaluation of ELISA depending upon multiple tests as gold standard may increase its sensitivity and specificity.

Key words: Chalmydia trachomatis, direct antigen detection, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ISSN 2736-1594, Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-008, January, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Evaluation of the effects of gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos on implantation and neonatal mice

S. F. Ambali¹*, S. O. Abbas¹, M. Shittu¹, T. Dzenda¹, M. U. Kawu¹, S. O. Salami² and J. O. Ayo¹

¹Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

²Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

Accepted 23 March, 2022

Abstract

Exposure to some organophosphate (OP) compounds during pregnancy has been associated with adverse health consequence on both the mother and the offspring. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF) during gestation on implantation and on some neonatal parameters in mice. Twenty one virgin Swiss albino mice divided into 3 groups of 7 mice each served as subjects for this study. Mice in group 1 were dosed with corn oil (control), while those in groups 2 and 3 were exposed to CPF at a dose of 15.9 mg/kg (~15% LD ₅₀) and 21.2 mg/kg (~20% LD₅₀), respectively. All the dams were dosed between gestation days (GD) 6 - 15 and monitored for signs of toxicity and gestation length. At birth, the litter size and weight, and the anogenital distance of the pups were measured. The pups were evaluated for physical characteristics and death. The dams were sacrificed at postnatal day 22, and the uterine horns evaluated for number of implantation sites. The results showed a significant decrease in the litter size and weight, and anogenital distance in pups exposed to CPF in utero compared to the control. In addition, all the pups prenatally exposed to CPF were born weak and died few days postpartum. A dose-dependent increase in percentage post-implantation loss was observed in mice dosed with CPF. In conclusion, exposure of pregnant mice to CPF caused increased gestation length, and postimplantation loss, decreased litter size and weight, survivability and anogenital distance.

Key words: Chlorpyrifos, implantation, gestation length, anogenital distance, litter size, weight, mice.

International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ISSN: 2736-1594 Vol. 9 (3), pp. 001-007, March, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Vaginal lactobacillus distributions and functions in pregnant women

Li Lin*, Hain-ing Yang and Jianrong Su

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Friendship Hospital–affiliated to Capital Medical University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China.

Accepted 19 January, 2021

Abstract

Lactobacillus plays an important role in keeping the vaginal micro-ecological balance and inhibiting the growth and reproduction of pathogens. However, the knowledge of Lactobacillus distributions and functions in pregnant women remains unclear. The study was undertaken the prevalence of Lactobacillus and the specific strains of Lactobacillus present in vaginal discharge from women at different stages of pregnancy. This study was performed between October 2009 and January 2010 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Affiliate of Capital University of Medical Sciences, China. pH value of vaginal discharges was determined, vaginal discharges were collected and Lactobacillus were isolated and cultured, hydrogen peroxide generation of Lactobacillus was performed on 120 pregnant women. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 11.5 software. Among the 120 samples of vaginal discharge, Lactobacilli was isolated in 104 samples (86.7%), 80 were Lactobacillus acidophilus (76.9%), 80 were LB+ (76.9%), 64 were L. acidophilus. Most L. acidophilus isolates could produce hydrogen peroxide. pH gradually decreased with ongoing pregnancy, but there were no significant differences among the three trimesters (P>0.05). Our results indicated that L. acidophilus is the dominant bacterial strain in terms of the vaginal Lactobacillus distributions and functions in pregnant women.

Key words: Lactobacillus, vaginal, pregnant women.

International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ISSN: 2736-1594 Vol. 9 (3), pp. 001-005, March, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Risk factors of preterm delivery of low birth weight (plbw) in an African population

Claude Bayingana^1,2*, Claude Mambo Muvunyi² and Charlene W. J. Africa¹

¹Department of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of the Western Cape, Modderdam Road, Belville 7535, South Africa.

²Department of Clinical Biology, National University of Rwanda, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire-Butare, Rwanda.

Accepted 22 January, 2021

Abstract

More than 20 million infants in the world (15.5% of all births) are born with low birth weight. Ninety-five percent of them are in developing countries. The objective of this study was to examine different factors which may contribute to preterm delivery of low birth weight (PLBW) in a recent sample of Rwandan birth. The study sample included 200 randomly selected women admitted to the department of obstetrics-gynecology of the teaching hospital of Butare in Rwanda. Mothers were asked to complete a questionnaire and obstetrics records were used in order to identify factors which might pose a health risk to them and their infants. Maternal weight, height, history of previous preterm and healthy conditions of the children in the family showed a significant relationship with PLBW. Maternal level of education, number of pregnancies of the mother, urinary tract infection, sexually transmitted disease, antibiotic administration, diabetes, history of heart disease, alcohol consumption and smoking showed a relationship with PLBW but the relationship was not significant. More studies are required for a better understanding of the mechanism leading to preterm delivery of low birth infants.

Key words: Africa, pregnancy, preterm delivery, low birth weight infants.