International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 6 (4), pp. 001-008, April, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of the matrices and penetration enhancers in elemene transdermal drug delivery system

Zhaowu Zeng^{1, 2}, Jing Lin², Haifeng Li²* Tian Xi², Wei Zhou², Haizhu Fan², Xiaori Zhan², Shuling Wang², Anming Wang², Xiaoli Wang³ and Xingyan Liu³

¹College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China.

²Research Center for Biomedicine and Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.

³China-America Cancer Research Institute, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.

Accepted 30 May, 2016

Abstract

The objective of this study is to develop an elemene transdermal drug delivery system by choosing suitable drug-loaded matrices and permeation enhancers and to observe their effects in this system. The in vitro transdermal release profiles were determined by Franz diffusion cells. The content of elemene in the collected samples was determined by gas chromatograph. Polyvinyl alcohol and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose were chosen as drug-loaded matrices. The optimal amount of polyvinyl alcohol and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in matrices was 30% (w/w). It was found that azone was the best one among several penetration enhancers, compared with oleinic acid, eucalyptus oil and laurinol. Moreover, using azone together with propylene glycol, the permeation effect of elemene was even better. The appropriate ratio between azone and propylene glycol was 1:1. Moreover, 2% azone and 2% propylene glycol together as permeation enhancers achieved the best permeation effect for the elemene transdermal drug delivery system. The solution containing 20% saline, 50% ethanol and 30% PEG-400 was a good receiving media for -elemene in Franz diffusion cells. The amount of polyvinyl alcohol and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in the matrices had obvious effects on the penetration ability of elemene. Types and concentration of the penetration enhancers had effect on the permeability of elemene through skin.

Key words: Transdermal, drug delivery system, penetration enhancers.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 6 (3), pp. 001-011, March, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Extract of Coelatura aegyptiaca, a freshwater clam, ameliorates hepatic oxidative stress induced by monosodium glutamate in rats

Amel M. Soliman

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt. E-mail: soliman.amel5@gmail.com.

Accepted 21 March, 2016

Abstract

The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the possible ameliorative effect of Coelatura aegyptiaca extract (CE) and vitamin C on oxidative stress induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG) in rat liver. Male rats were randomly divided into four main groups: control group, received distilled water, group 2 (100 mg/kg) and 3 (250 mg/kg) received CE for seven consecutive days. Group animals (24 rats) were administered MSG (4 mg/g body weight) daily for 10 days. This group was then subdivided into 4 subgroups. All subgroups treated orally for 7 days with, distilled water (subgroup I), CE at a dose of 100 and 250 mg/kg body weight (subgroups II and III), and 250 mg vitamin C/kg body weight (subgroup IV). Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the CE was determined using a DPPH (2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) test system. The CE and vitamin C caused significant ameliorative effects by decreasing the activities of serum aminotransaminases (AST and ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), levels of serum glucose, lipid profile parameters, liver malondialdeyde level (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), as well as the activity of liver catalase (CAT), and increasing the level of liver glutathione reduced (GSH). The results of the present study elucidate that CE could ameliorate the liver oxidative stress induced by MSG administration, since CE was strongly scavenged DPPH radicals and showed antioxidant activity.

Key words: Monosodium glutamate, freshwater extracts, liver oxidative stress, lipid profile parameters, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 6 (3), pp. 001-005, March, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Comparing the effect of vitamin B1 (vit. B1) and ibuberofen on the treatment of primary dysmenorhea

Mandana Zafari*, Aghamohammady A. and Tofighi M.

Department of Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch, Sari, Iran.

Accepted 13 June, 2016

Abstract

Primary dysmenorhea refers to painful contractions of menses which are without organic complications and its incidence is about 80%. The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of vitamin B1 (vit. B1) and ibuberofen on the treatment of primary dysmenorhea. This clinical trial study was done on medicine students of Islamic Azad University, Sari branch, in 2010. One hundred and fifty-two students that had moderate and severe dysmenorhea were sited in two groups randomly. The first group (76 girls) received 100 mg/day vit. B1 in the luteal phase and the second group received 400 mg ibuberofen when their pain started (duration of this study was 2 months) . After data collection, data analysis was done by SPSS version software and we used chi-square tests, t -test, Mann-Whitney and Freidman tests ( = 0.05) . There was significant difference between intensity and duration of pain before and after treatment by ibuberofen (p = 0.000) and vit. B1 (p = 0.000). Furthermore, there was no difference between the intensity of pain after intervention in the two groups in the first month (p = 0.414), but there was difference in the second (p = 0.000) and third (p = 0.000) months. Also, there was no difference between the two groups about needing more drugs to reduce the pain (p = 0.401). The effect of vit. B1 and ibuberofen are similar, but vit. B1 has less complications and it is more accepted and used in treatment of primary dysmenorhea.

Key words: Primary dysmenorhea, Ibuberofen, vitamin B1 (vit. B1).

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 6 (2), pp. 001-012, February, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Physicochemical characterization and in-vitro evaluation of flubiprofen oral controlled release matrix tablets: Role of ether derivative polymer ethocel

Muhammad Akhlaq^1,2*, Gul Majid Khan¹, Abdul Wahab¹, Hamdy Abdelkader³, Raid Alany² Abid Hussain¹ and Nauman Rahim Khan¹

¹Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, KPK, Pakistan.

²School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

³Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.

Accepted 17 June, 2016

Abstract

The main aim of the study was to develop once-daily controlled release matrix tablet of the selected propionic acid derivative flubiprofen (100 mg) using ethyl cellulose ether derivative release controlling polymer. Preformulation factors, including solubility, powder flowability and compressibility, and loss on drying were studied. Hausner’s factor and angle of repose ranged from 1.10 to 1.25 and 25 to 29° respectively, indicating the best flowability and compressibility of the powder. Drug-polymer interaction was analyzed by particle size analysis, SEM and FTIR spectroscopy. Matrices were prepared by direct compression, with and without polymer. Effect of co-excipients like HPMC, starch and CMC, was studied on release behavior of the drug. The tablets were subjected to different physicochemical tests including hardness, friability, weight variation, % drug content, thickness and diameter with limits ranging from 6.4 ± 0.24 to 6.9 ± 0.44 kg/cm², 0.22 ± 0.06 to 0.77 ± 0.03 w/w, 200 ± 1.3 to 203 ± 1.0 g, 98.30 0.16 to 99.70 ± 0.64%, 2.1 ± 0.032 to 2.3 ± 0.020 mm and 4.2 ± 0.001 to 4.4 ± 0.001 mm respectively. In-vitro drug release study was conducted in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and different kinetic parameters were applied. Ethocel FP polymer alone showed the best anomalous release with exponent n = 0.793 with the linearity r ² = 0.992, whereas the market brand released 90% of the drug after four hours with release exponent n = 0.210.

Key words: Drug delivery, flurbiprofen, ethyl cellulose ether derivative polymers, physicochemical, release kinetics.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 6 (1), pp. 001-009, January, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Modification of oxidative stress in acute exhaustive exercise mice with n-butanol and water fractions from Pedicularis decora Franch root treatment

Meili Gao¹*, Yili Wang¹, Lijuan Wang², Yongfei Li³ and Jianxiong Yang⁴

¹The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China.

²School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China.

³School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China.

⁴College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China.

Accepted 26 June, 2016

Abstract

The current study investigated the effect of n-butanol and water fractions of Pedicularis decora Franch on oxidative stress induced by an acute exhaustive exercise. Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were divided into sedentary, exercise and recovery groups. Each group includes control and water fraction as well as n-butanol fraction subgroup. Mice were treated with the two fractions of P. decora Franch root and saline for a period of 21 days. After the treatment period, the exercise and recovery groups swam to exhaust. Sedentary and exercise groups animals were sacrificed immediately after swimming exercise and recovery mice were sacrificed after 24 h. In sedentary group, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were higher and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were lower with the two fractions treatment. SOD, GPx, lactate dehydrogease (LDH) activities and LPO levels significantly decreased in exercise and recovery groups with the two fractions treatment. Also, the two fraction could promote energy deposits through an increase in glycogen contents. In addition, n-butanol fraction significantly prolonged swimming time to exhaustion. In short, n-butanol and water fractions of P. decora Franch may both protect mice against oxidative stress induced by an acute exhaustive exercise and n-butanol fraction could significantly improve the swimming capacity. Further, n-butanol fraction is more pronounced in ameliorating the oxidative stress induced by an acute exhaustive swimming exercise.

Key words: Pedicularis decora Franch, n-butanol fraction, water fraction, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, an acute exhaustive exercise.