ISSN 2326-7275
Research Article
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 5 (8), pp. 001-006, August, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Analysis of outpatient prescription indicators and trends in Chinese Jingzhou Area between September 1 and 10, 2006-2009
Zou Jun1*, Li Linyun1, Zhang Che2, Yan Yuanrong1, Gao Fengxi1 and Zhang Heng1
1Department of Pharmacy, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei Province, China.
2Department of Pharmacy, Taihe Hospital Affiliated to Hubei Medical College, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China.
Accepted 14 February, 2016
Abstract
Analysis of outpatient prescription indicators and trends was done to investigate the effect of academic and administrative intervention. According to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, the retrospective method was used. We sampled the daily prescriptions, computed the daily prescription indicator and compared the mean of ten days. We sampled 1180 from 36581 prescriptions; and the percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name (generic name percent) was 69.2%, percentage of prescriptions with an antibiotic prescribed (antibiotic percent) was 39.15%, percentage of prescriptions with an injection prescribed (injection percent) was 22.63%, average number of drug per prescription (drug number) was 2.04, and the average drug cost per prescription (drug cost) was ￥124.30 ($18.24). By comparing the prescribing trends, the drug cost and generic name percent increased yearly. Though other indicators had no statistical significance, they had a decreasing trend. Academic and administrative interventions have already been made by Chinese medical management, and it seen that some prescribing indicators are higher in other countries, but the prescribing trends are becoming more and more rational.
Key words: Pharmacoepidemiology, hospital pharmacy, prescription, rational use of drugs, antibiotic percent, injection percent.
Li Linyun, Yan Yuanrong, Gao Fengxi and Zhang Heng, Zou Jun*, Zhang Che
Research Article
Maternal age as a risk factor for pregnancy outcomes: Maternal, fetal and neonatal complication
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 5 (7), pp. 001-006, July, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Maternal age as a risk factor for pregnancy outcomes: Maternal, fetal and neonatal complication
Azar Aghamohammadi1* and Maryam Nooritajer2
1Department of Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch-Iran.
2Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch-Iran.
Accepted 18 February, 2016
Abstract
It has been widely documented that maternal age in pregnancy is increasing in the world. Nowadays, many women delay their pregnancy even up to the 40th year of their life because of different reasons, such as occupational, educational and economical. Therefore, complete awareness of pregnancy outcomes in these ages for the midwives and gynecologists is needed to protect the health of the mother and infant. This research, which is a descriptive comparative study, is performed to compare the pregnancy outcomes of women aged over 35 years. The inputs contained 1021 pregnant women, and their pregnancy outcomes were compared in 4 groups of primiparous and multiparous women over and below the age of 35. To analyze the inputs using SPSS software, the χ2 test, Fisher, and Odss-ratio were used. In primiparous women, there is a statistically significant relation between the age of over 35 and preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, preterm labor, malpresentation, cesarean and low birth weight, while in multiparous women, there is a significant relation between the age of over 35 and preeclampsia and low birth weight. In the women of over 35 years old, parity is effective on the measure of preeclampsia and cesarean delivery, only. However, the mother`s high age can be an independent factor for pregnancy outcomes, in that the primiparous women are exposed to more effectivity of age. It is a fact that the aged women can have a natural pregnancy with a term infant; as such, over-age must not be a contraindication for pregnancy.
Key words: Primiparous, multiparous, pregnancy outcomes.
Maryam Nooritajer, Azar Aghamohammadi*
Research Article
Clinical manifestation, effects, diagnosis, monitoring of carbon monoxide poisoning and toxicity
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 5 (6), pp. 001-005, June, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Clinical manifestation, effects, diagnosis, monitoring of carbon monoxide poisoning and toxicit
Kingston Rajiah1* and Elizabeth Mampally Mathew2
1International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
2Mallige College of Pharmacy, No 71, Silvepura, Bangalore, 560090 Karnataka, India.
Accepted 07 January, 2016
Abstract
Carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion of organic matter with insufficient oxygen supply to enable complete oxidation to carbon dioxide (CO2) and is often produced in domestic or industrial settings. In this study the clinical manifestation, effects, diagnosis and toxicity of carbon monoxide poisoning were reviewed. Research suggests that the intracellular uptake of carbon monoxide is an important mechanism for neurologic damage. As a result upon the review of many articles and research journals, it is identified that carbon monoxide may be quantitated in blood using spectrophotometric methods or chromatographic techniques in order to confirm the diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized victims or to assist in the forensic investigation of a case of fatal exposure. A brain computed tomography (CT) scan may be normal in early stages or show signs of cerebral edema. Public education on the safe operation of appliances, heaters, fireplaces and internal combustion engines is required for prevention of CO poisoning. Carbon monoxide detectors with alarms can improve home safety and their use is recommended by various safety organizations.
Key words: Carbon monoxide, toxicity, hemoglobin.
Elizabeth Mampally Mathew, Kingston Rajiah*
Research Article
Antitumor, cytotoxic and antioxidant potential of ASTER
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 5 (5), pp. 001-007, May, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Antitumor, cytotoxic and antioxidant potential of ASTER THOMSONII extracts
G. Bibi1, Ihsan-ul-Haq1, N. Ullah1, A. Mannan1, 2* and B. Mirza1
1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
Accepted 9 February, 2016
Abstract
The present investigation deals with biological evaluation of ASTER THOMSONII. For this purpose, different biological assays of crude methanolic extract (CME) and its fractions that is n-Hexane fraction (NHF) and aqueous fraction (AQF) were carried out. The results of AQF showed maximum brine shrimp cytotoxic activity with ED50 values of 154.69 µg/ml, while the NHF showed significant potato disc antitumor activity with IC50 values of 9.55 µg/ml. Evaluation of both NHF and AQF fractions for sulforhodamine B assay on human cell line HT144 showed IC50 values of 1.10 and 2.82 mg/ml, respectively. While the IC50 of CME and AQF fractions against human cell line H157 were 0.056 and 0.005 mg/ml, respectively. Antioxidant analysis of AQF determined the IC50 values of 31.98 µg/ml. DNA protection assay results of all plant extracts were also appreciating for further investigations but the extracts and their fractions did not show antibacterial activity.
Key words: Aster thomsonii, brine shrimp toxicity assay, antitumor assay, sulforhodamine-B assay, antioxidant assay, DNA protection assay.
Ihsan-ul-Haq , N. Ullah, G. Bibi, A. Mannan* and B. Mirza
Research Article
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 5 (4), pp. 122-128, April, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
A study of the anatomical features of testa and other associated structures in selected banana ecotypes
*Abdullah Naser1, Dewan Abbas1 and Haider Akhtar2
1Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
2Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Biological Science, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: adam@putra.upm.edu.my.
Accepted 12 July, 2015
Abstract
Low and erratic germination in wild banana seed is caused by dormancy due to physical, anatomical or physiological reasons. Imbibition activates germination process and the rate of water uptake during imbibition is influenced by seed molecular composition and internal and external morphological structures. The present study aimed at examining the effect of seed anatomy and seed moisture content on water uptake by wild banana seeds. Matured fresh and dry, intact or scarified seeds of three wild banana ecotypes (MUSA ACUMINATA Colla) viz. Krau White, Serdang Red and Serdang Yellow were imbibed for up to 96 h. Percentage increase in seed mass was recorded at different intervals. Internal morphological structures of fresh and dry seeds were viewed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Seed mass increased rapidly within first hour and the rate of increase was always higher in dry seed than the fresh seed in all the ecotypes. The SEM observation revealed that the rapid increase of seed mass is likely due to the shrinking of the operculum and the surrounding tissues in the hilum area which resulted in the formation and widening of a water channel in dry seed. This study indicates that operculum does not impede water uptake in mature banana seed during imbibition, suggesting that seed dormancy in these three ecotypes is not due to physical dormancy but may be physiological in nature.
Key words: Musa acuminata, imbibition, seed coat, scarification, physical dormancy.
Dewan Abbas and Haider Akhtar, *Abdullah Naser
Research Article
Effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) on the absorptive capabilities of root systems
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 5 (3), pp. 116-121, March, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) on the absorptive capabilities of root systems
*Peter Palmer, Bobby Isaac and Hughes King
Department of Plant Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: peterpalmer@gmail.com
Accepted 05 January, 2015
Abstract
The absorption of water and nutrient ions from the soil solution is among the primary roles of roots. To reach the xylem for axial transport, the water and minerals must circumvent the exodermis and (or) endodermis, both of which act as barriers to radial apoplastic diffusion. To do this, the water and minerals must enter the symplast of cells located outside of the outermost apoplastic barrier. Mycorrhiza are known to impact root anatomy and ion uptake, but their effect on those cells where symplastic entry must occur is not known. To examine their impact, the surface area of those living cells apoplastically exposed to the soil solution in Zea mays and Lycopersicon esculentum was examined. For each species, plants inoculated with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza and uninoculated plants were examined. The average cell size and number of cells located outside the endodermis (L. esculentum) or exodermis (Z. mays) was assessed by microscopic observation and the appropriate calculations were performed. The absorptive surface area of L. esculentum was not significantly different between inoculated (161 cm2/cm root length) and uninoculated (163 cm2/ cm root length) plants. However, there was a statistically significant difference between Z. mays inoculated (average 37 cm2 /cm root length) and uninoculated (average 11 cm2/cm root length). How this may impact ion uptake pathways is discussed.
Key words: Mycorrhiza, Lycopersicon esculentum, Zea mays, ion uptake potential.
Bobby Isaac and Hughes King, *Peter Palmer