International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology | Vol. 15, No. 9, September 2026 | pp. 46–54

DOI: 10.46882/2026/IJAP/001006

Research Article

Title: Regulatory Role of Hydrogen Sulfide on Gastric Mucosal Microcirculation and Acid Secretion in a Rat Model of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Names of Authors: V. V. Smirnov¹, Y. L. Chang², N. A. Al-Farsi³*

Authors’ Affiliations:
¹ Department of Physiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
² Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
³ Department of Human Morphological Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.

Abstract:
Gastric ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major clinical challenge that impairs mucosal barrier function, leading to severe ulceration. Hydrogen sulfide (H²S) is a gasotransmitter with known vasodilatory and cytoprotective properties. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of endogenous and exogenous H²S on gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF), vascular permeability, and gastric acid secretion during I/R injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to gastric ischemia by clamping the celiac artery for 30 minutes, followed by 1 hour of reperfusion. Animals were pre-treated with either sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, an H²S donor, 50 μmol/kg) or DL-propargylglycine (PAG, a cystathionine γ-lyase inhibitor, 50 mg/kg). GMBF was continuously measured using laser Doppler flowmetry. Gastric acid output was quantified via gastric perfusion with saline. Under I/R conditions, GMBF dropped by 72% ± 5% from baseline. Pre-treatment with NaHS significantly attenuated this reduction, maintaining GMBF at 55% ± 4% of baseline during reperfusion (p < 0.05). Conversely, PAG worsened blood flow reduction and expanded mucosal lesion areas. NaHS pre-treatment also suppressed the I/R-induced hypersecretion of gastric acid, reducing peak acid output from 4.8 ± 0.6 μmol/30 min to 2.1 ± 0.3 μmol/30 min (p < 0.01). Histological evaluation confirmed that NaHS preserved mucosal architecture and reduced leukocyte infiltration. These results suggest that H²S exerts a strong protective effect against gastric I/R injury by improving mucosal microcirculation and down-regulating aggressive acid secretion factors.

Keywords: Hydrogen sulfide, Gastric microcirculation, Ischemia-reperfusion, Gastric acid, Cytoprotection.

Manuscript Timeline: Received: May 11, 2026; Revised: July 05, 2026; Accepted: August 14, 2026; Published: September 22, 2026.

Citation: Smirnov VV, Chang YL, Al-Farsi NA. Regulatory Role of Hydrogen Sulfide on Gastric Mucosal Microcirculation and Acid Secretion in a Rat Model of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology. 2026; 15(9): 46–54. doi:10.46882/2026/IJAP/001006

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 14 (3), pp. 001-003, March, 2026. 

Full Length Research Paper

Evaluating the Impact of Oral Assessments on Theoretical Knowledge in Physiology

Sharmila Torke¹*, Reem Rachel Abraham¹, K. Ramnarayan² and K. Asha³

¹Department of Physiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India.
²Department of Pathology, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India.
³Department of Biostatistics, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus) Manipal 576104 Karnataka State, India.

Accepted 12 November, 2025

Viva voce examinations formed a part of theory component of final summative examination. Since Viva voce was conducted to all students irrespective of their passing status in theory, the exercise was found to be time consuming. In this perspective, this study was conducted to determine the impact of viva voce examination on student performance in the summative examination. Three batches of first year medical students were involved in this study. Their theory and viva voce scores in Physiology were reviewed. The ratio of theory to viva voce scores of final summative examination was compared between the passed and failed students of all three batches. Results indicated that there was no correlation between student performance in viva voce examination and that of theory. However, there was no difference in the mean ratio within the batches according to passing status.

Key words: Reliability, face validity, assessment.
 

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology | Vol. 15, No. 9, September 2026 | pp. 28–36

DOI: 10.46882/2026/IJAP/001004

Research Article

Title: Histomorphometric Evaluation of Renal Tissue Remodeling in Wistar Rats Exposed to Chronic Bisphenol A Intake

Names of Authors: O. M. Tanaka¹, E. S. Williams²*

Authors’ Affiliations:
¹ Department of Anatomy, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
² Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom.

Abstract:
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental endocrine disruptor widely used in consumer plastics, raising concerns regarding its potential tissue toxicity. This study investigated the structural and functional impacts of chronic low-dose BPA exposure on the renal architecture of Wistar rats using histomorphometric analysis. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into three groups of ten: Control (saline), Low-Dose BPA (50 μg/kg body weight/day), and High-Dose BPA (500 μg/kg body weight/day), administered via oral gavage for 12 weeks. Renal tissues were harvested, processed, and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS). Histomorphometric analysis revealed significant structural alterations in the BPA-exposed groups compared to the control. The mean glomerular area significantly decreased in the high-dose group (4820 ± 310 μm² vs. 5950 ± 420 μm² in controls; p < 0.01), accompanied by an increase in Bowman's capsular space. Tubular diameter was altered, and widespread vacuolation, brush border loss, and epithelial desquamation were noted in the proximal convoluted tubules. Interstitial connective tissue volume fraction increased significantly in the high-dose group (12.4% ± 1.8% vs. 4.1% ± 0.6%; p < 0.05), indicating early-stage tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Biochemical analysis confirmed altered renal function, with serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels significantly elevated in treated rats. In conclusion, chronic oral exposure to BPA induces significant histomorphometric remodeling and structural injury in renal tissues, underscoring its potential nephrotoxic risks at environmentally relevant levels.

Keywords: Histomorphometry, Kidney, Bisphenol A, Proximal tubule, Nephrotoxicity.

Manuscript Timeline: Received: May 29, 2026; Revised: July 20, 2026; Accepted: August 18, 2026; Published: September 15, 2026.

Citation: Tanaka OM, Williams ES. Histomorphometric Evaluation of Renal Tissue Remodeling in Wistar Rats Exposed to Chronic Bisphenol A Intake. International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology. 2026; 15(9): 28–36. doi:10.46882/2026/IJAP/001004

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 14 (2), pp. 001-009, February, 2026. 

Efficacy and Safety of Methanolic Chrysophyllum albidum Bark Extract in a Murine Malaria Model
 

E. O. Adewoye1, A. T. Salami2 and V. O. Taiwo3*
 

¹Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
²Department of Nursing Science, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
³Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Accepted 12 October, 2025

The anti-plasmodial, hematological, serum biochemical and pathological effects of Chrysophyllum albidum methanolic bark extract were evaluated using Swiss albino male mice as models. The plant is used in Southern Nigeria as a remedy for malaria and yellow fever. The LD50 of the methanolic extract was 1850 mg/kg body weight. C. albidum methanolic bark extract (750 - 1500 mg/kg/day) exhibited significant (P < 0.05) schizontocidal activities both in a 4-day (early) infection and in an established (> 7 days) infection with a considerable mean survival time comparable to that of chloroquine. The plant extract treated mice did not develop appreciable anemia. This observation shows that the methanolic extract of C. albidum contains anti-plasmodial substance(s) which help to reduce parasitaemia and hence the rate of erythrocyte destruction during infection. Organ and tissue pathology during infection was milder at low doses, compared to the untreated mice and insignificant at higher doses of the extract, showing that the extract is non-toxic. It also validates the local consumption of the extracts of C. albidum as an anti-malarial agent. Further studies need to be done to identify and characterize the active principles/ substances in the extract. This study has implications in future development of antimalarial drugs with little or no cytotoxic effect.

Key words: Chrysophyllum albidum, anti-plasmodial, haematology, serum biochemistry, organ pathology, albino mice.
 

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 15 (1), pp. 001-004, January, 2026. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Anatomical Characterization and Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Tylophora dalzellii Hook.f.

Shahla Najafi1* and S. S. Deokule2

¹Department of Biology, University of Zabol, Iran.

²Department of Botany, University of Pune, India.

Accepted 2 October, 2025

Plants are a great source of medicines, especially in traditional medicine, which are useful in the treatment of various diseases. Tylophora dalzellii a medicinal member belongs to the tribe Marsdenieae of the family Asclepiadaceae. Traditionally, T. dalzellii has been used in treatment of asthma, dermatitis and rheumatism. However, it has not yet been studied pharmacognostically. The study includes macroscopy and microscopy, anatomy, phytochemistry including fluorescence and ash analysis of the leaf and stem of T. dalzellii. Phytochemical screening of the plant revealed the presence of tannins, saponins and alkaloids. The detailed pharmacognostic account of T. dalzellii which includes macroscopic and microscopic characters will be helpful for the correct botanical identification of the drug. In addition, the values of percentage extractive and ash analysis, results of fluorescence analysis and phytochemical data will be helpful for the standardization and quality control of precious indigenous drug. The study scientifically validates the use of plant in traditional medicine.

Key Words: Tylophora dalzellii, pharmacognosy, Asclepiadaceae.
 

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 15 (1), pp. 001-010, January, 2026. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper
    
Histopathological Spectrum of Gastric Carcinomas and Associated Precancerous Changes in Southwest Nigeria

A. O. Komolafe1*, O. S. Ojo2 and B. J. Olasode2

1Department of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria.
2Department of Morbid Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

Accepted 31 November, 2025

The histologic types of gastric malignancies and other associated histopathological indices in gastric biopsies received at the Department of Morbid Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria were determined. The study was retrospective and it involved collecting all slides on all available cases of gastric biopsies over a period of ten years and reviewing them to screen for gastric malignancies and associated pathologies of the stomach. Out of 107 cases of gastric malignancies reviewed, 102 (95.3%) were carcinomas, 3 (2.8%) were sarcomas and 2 (1.9%) cases were lymphomas. Of 102 cases of carcinomas, 36 (35.3%) were tubular adenocarcinomas, 14 (13.7%) cases were papillary adenocarcinomas, 22 (21.6%) cases were mucinous adenocarcinomas, 9 (8.8%) cases were signet carcinomas, and 21 (20.6%) were poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas. One hundred and two (95.33%) cases of gastric malignancies were in the pyloric antrum, 3 (2.80%) were in the gastric cardia, and 1 case each (0.93%) in the corpus and fundus. Sixty-four (60%) of cases showed moderate to numerous Helicobacter pylori. Mild chronic gastritis was seen in 11 (10%) cases, moderate chronic gastritis was seen in 75 (70%) of cases, and severe chronic gastritis was seen in 16 (15%) cases. Five (5%) cases were indeterminate. Mild glandular atrophy was seen in 5 (5%) cases, 32 cases (30%) showed moderate glandular atrophy, 1 (1%) case of severe glandular atrophy was seen. Intestinal metaplasia was seen in 17 cases (16%). Peptic ulcer disease was not seen in any of the cases.

Key word: Gastric malignancies, pre-malignant lesions, Nigeria.