ISSN 2756-3286
Research Article
Advances in Food Science and Technology ISSN: 6732-4215 Vol. 8 (4), pp. 001-013, April, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research paper
Natural occurrence of AFB1 in maize and effect of traditional maize flour production on AFB1 reduction in Malawi
L. Matumba1, M. Monjerezi2*, E. Chirwa3, D. Lakudzala4 and P. Mumba5
1Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, P. O. Box 158, Lilongwe, Malawi.
2University of Malawi, Chemistry Department, Chancellor College, P. O. Box 280, Zomba, Malawi.
3University of Malawi, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chancellor College, P. O. Box 280, Zomba, Malawi.
4University of Malawi, Department of Physical and Biochemical Sciences, The Malawi Polytechnic, P/bag 303, Chichiri, Blantrye 3, Malawi.
5University of Malawi, Department of Basic Sciences, Bunda College of Agriculture, P. O. Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi.
Accepted 12 November, 2019
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most harmful mycotoxins to humans, animals, and crops that result in illnesses and economic losses. Maize, the most important staple food in most southern African countries, is susceptible to these fungi infections throughout its growth, harvest, transport and storage. In this study, we report on the incidence of AFB1 (determined by indirect competitive ELISA) contamination in maize from Malawi and the effect of traditional maize- flour production procedures on the final AFB1 levels. AFB 1 was detected in 45.3% of the maize samples with 12.3% of them exceeding 5 µg/kg (FAO median AFB 1 MTL). The traditional flour production procedures reduced AFB 1 significantly in the order: soaking of dehulled maize (72.4±5.4, 75.4±3.5 and 80.9±5.3% for 24, 48 and 72 h soaking periods, respectively) > dehulling of maize (mean 29.3±5.4%) > sun drying (11.7% max). Sun drying followed pseudo-first order kinetics in AFB1. A maximum AFB 1 reduction of 88.1 ± 3.1% was achieved using a sequence of dehulling, soaking for 72 h and sun drying the flour for 4.5 h.
Key words: Aflatoxin B1, maize, Malawi.
M. Monjerezi*, E. Chirwa, D. Lakudzala and P. Mumba, L. Matumba
https://doi.org/10.46882/AFST/1122Research Article
Advances in Food Science and Technology ISSN: 6732-4215 Vol. 8 (3), pp. 001-005, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Antifungal effects of two tropical plant leaf extracts (Ocimum gratissimum and Aframomum melegueta) on postharvest yam (Dioscorea spp.) rot
Okigbo R. N.* and Ogbonnaya, U. O.
Department of Microbiology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P. M. B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.
Accepted 03 January, 2020
Abstract
Effects of leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and Aframomum melegueta on spore germination and mycelial reduction of the most occurring fungal pathogen causing soft rot of yam tuber were investigated. Fungi isolated from rotted yams were Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Fusarium oxsporium Rhizopus stolonifer, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Penicillium chrysogenum. The leaf extracts with ethanol extraction were most effective followed by cold-water and hot water extraction. The fungicidal activity with Ocimum gratissimum leaf extracts was more effective. In vitro inoculation of fresh yam with A. niger, A. flavus and F. oxsporum at room temperature for 3 months showed typical rot symptoms characteristic of the disease. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to plant chemical or non-chemical means of disease control on yams in Africa.
Key words: Ocimum gratissimum, Aframomum melegueta, leaf extracts, fungi, rot, storage, yam.
U. O., Okigbo R. N.* and Ogbonnaya
https://doi.org/10.46882/AFST/1121Research Article
In vitro multiplication of Ocimum gratissimum L. through direct regeneration
Advances in Food Science and Technology ISSN: 6732-4215 Vol. 8 (3), pp. 001-004, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
In vitro multiplication of Ocimum gratissimum L. through direct regeneration
C. Gopi*, Y. Nataraja Sekhar and P. Ponmurugan
Department of Biotechnology, K. S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode - 637 209, Namakkal District, Tamilnadu. INDIA.
Accepted 11 September, 2019
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a rapid system for regeneration of the important medicinal plant, Ocimum gratissimum L, from nodal explant. Single node explants were inoculated on basal MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium containing 3% (w/v) sucrose, supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin (KN), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or indole- 3-butyric acid (IBA) for direct plant regeneration. Maximum numbers of shoot (14.3±1.5) were observed on the medium containing 0.5 mg/l BAP and 0.25 mg/l IAA after four weeks of culture. Regenerated shoots were separated and rooted on same half strength MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l of IAA alone for three weeks. Well-developed complete plantlets were transferred on to specially made plastic cup containing soilrite. Acclimatized plantlets were successfully grown in garden soil.
Key words: Ocimum gratissimum L., node explants, multiplication, direct regeneration, plantlets.
C. Gopi*, Y. Nataraja Sekhar and P. Ponmurugan
https://doi.org/10.46882/AFST/1120Research Article
Effect of myoinositol and zinc on sporangiospore-yeast transformation of MUCOR CIRCINELLOIDES Tieghe
Advances in Food Science and Technology ISSN: 6732-4215 Vol. 8 (3), pp. 001-008, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effect of myoinositol and zinc on sporangiospore-yeast transformation of MUCOR CIRCINELLOIDES Tieghe
C. O. Omoifo
Department of Crop Science, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria. E-mail: coomoifo@yahoo.com.
Accepted 14 September, 2019
Abstract
Environmental factors influence mould-yeast interconversion. Such factors may trigger changes at the cellular level. Yeastlike cells induced from sporangiospores of MUCOR species consist of central globose mothercell, which produce multiple buds by blastic action. This study examines the effect of synthetic broth on sporangiospores of M. CIRCINELLOIDES. Sporangiospores of M. CIRCINELLOIDES converted to determinate thallic subtypes including enterothallic- holothallic- and holoblastic conidia, as well as terminal budding yeast cells in synthetic broth treatments with zinc and myoinositol (myo) supplementations. In a study monitored at 24 h intervals, profiling gave 2-phase expression in some treatments and this was influenced by the presence of thallic forms. However, sigmoid pattern was obtained in control broth as well as in 0.25 mM Zn2+ and 1.0 – 3.0 mM myo treatments. Such treatments enhanced growth by 32.95, 65.07 and 63.82%, respectively, over control mean growth. Proliferating yeast cells induced from sporangiospores of M. CIRCINELLOIDES transformed through several transient morphologies in a sequential manner, protoplast being the cross over form. Zinc and myo supplementation enhanced yeast induction. It was strongly suggested that they acted as second messengers in signal transduction and consequent yeast induction. Whereas thallic subtypes were present, subsequent transformation of their cytosolic contents, following thallic cell wall rupture, followed the same pattern of lateral morphogenetic transformation.
Key words: Mucor circinelloides, sporangiospores, synthetic broth, zinc, myoinositol, induced morphology.
C. O. Omoifo
https://doi.org/10.46882/AFST/1119Research Article
Advances in Food Science and Technology ISSN: 6732-4215 Vol. 8 (3), pp. 001-004, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effect of metabolites produced by Trichoderma species against Ceratocystis paradoxa in culture medium
E.I. Eziashi1*, N.U. Uma2, A.A. Adekunle2 and C.E. Airede1
1Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR), Plant Pathology Division, P.M.B. 1030 Benin City, Edo State. Nigeria.
2Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos State. Nigeria.
Accepted 14 September, 2019
Abstract
Metabolites released from Trichoderma viride, T. polysporum, T. hamatum and T. aureoviride were tested in culture medium against Ceratocystis paradoxa, which causes black seed rot in oil palm sprouted seeds. The Trichoderma metabolites had similar fungistatic effects on the growth of C. paradoxa except those from T. aureoviride. The inhibition varied depending on the Trichoderma species producing the metabolites; from 2.0% to 64% in volatile, 0.0% to 74% in non-volatile and 0.0% to 81% from direct- diffusible metabolites. C. paradoxa growth was significantly reduced in the presence of metabolites produced by T. viride and T. polysporum than the other species. T. aureoviride had the least growth inhibition, and medium containing direct-diffusible metabolite supported highest inhibition of C. paradoxa.
Key words: Metabolite, Trichoderma, Ceratocystis paradoxa, Fungistatic.
E.I. Eziashi*, N.U. Uma, A.A. Adekunle and C.E. Airede
https://doi.org/10.46882/AFST/1118Research Article
Advances in Food Science and Technology ISSN: 6732-4215 Vol. 8 (3), pp. 001-004, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Optimization of FTA technology for large scale plant DNA isolation for use in marker assisted selection
Mbogori MN, Kimani M, Kuria A, Lagat M, Danson JW*
Biotechnology Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Kenya.
Accepted 16 October, 2019
Abstract
Conventional methods for DNA acquisition and storage require expensive reagents and equipments. Experimental fields located in remote areas and large sample size presents greater challenge to developing country institutions constrained financially. FTATM technology uses a single format utilizing basic tools found in laboratory. In this study, FTATM cards were used to collect over 3000 samples from a field located 130 km and used to screen progeny plants using PCR-marker-assisted selection. PCR product yields and quality are sufficient for reliable scoring, distinguishing heterozygous from homozygous plants using ABI 3730 sequencer. Results indicate that this method is faster, easier and in-expensive.
Key words: FTATM, large-scale, DNA sampling, field set up, marker assisted selection.
Danson JW*, Lagat M, Mbogori MN, Kimani M, Kuria A
https://doi.org/10.46882/AFST/1116